Lovecraft took to discussing and debating his pessimism with his peers, which allowed him to solidify his philosophy. This did not lessen his viewpoints. This group became known as the "Lovecraft Circle," since their writing freely borrowed Lovecraft's motifs, with his encouragement: the mysterious books with disturbing names such as the Necronomicon, the pantheon of ancient alien entities such as Cthulhu and Azathoth, and eldritch places such as the ill-omened New England town of Arkham and its Miskatonic University. He encouraged other writers to reference his creations, such as the Necronomicon, Cthulhu and Yog-Sothoth. "[135] Non-Euclidean geometry is the mathematical language and background of Einstein's general theory of relativity, and Lovecraft references it repeatedly in exploring alien archaeology. [52] After his failed attempt to go to World War I, he attempted to enroll in the Rhode Island National Guard but was disqualified on medical grounds. [100] His arguments were justified using disparagement of various races in his journalism and letters,[83] and perhaps allegorically in his fiction concerning non-human races. Lovecraft and Greene married on March 3, 1924, and relocated to her Brooklyn apartment at 793 Flatbush Avenue; she thought he needed to leave Providence to flourish and was willing to support him financially. Chambers was the writer of The King in Yellow, of whom Lovecraft wrote in a letter to Clark Ashton Smith: "Chambers is like Rupert Hughes and a few other fallen Titans – equipped with the right brains and education but wholly out of the habit of using them." Lovecraft was also influenced by authors such as Oswald Spengler and Robert W. Chambers. [46] "The Tomb", by Lovecraft's own admission, follows closely the style and construction of the writings of one of his largest influences, Edgar Allan Poe. [204], Lovecraft had specified that the young R. H. Barlow would serve as executor of his literary estate,[205] but these instructions were not incorporated into the will. [197] This book was claimed to have born the seal of the Necronomicon. Lovecraft joined the small "Kalem Club" of writers when he first moved to New York, and would later be the center of a wider body of authors known as the "Lovecraft Circle." [129] Starting in the 1920s, Lovecraft became familiar with the work of the German conservative-revolutionary theorist Oswald Spengler, whose pessimistic thesis of the decadence of the modern West formed a crucial element in Lovecraft's overall anti-modern worldview. In 2014, Liveright Publishing Corp./W. A French verse form consisting of five three-line stanzas and a final quatrain, with the first and third lines of the first stanza repeating alternately in the following stanzas. A pair of successive rhyming lines, usually of the same length. He was willing to cast aside any illusion that he may still have held. While he thought that Roosevelt should have been enacting more progressive policies, he came to the conclusion that the New Deal was the only realistic option for reform. [137] Several of Lovecraft's stories of the Old Ones (alien beings of the Cthulhu Mythos) propose alternate mythic human origins in contrast to those found in the creation stories of existing religions, expanding on a natural world view. [58] In early 1920, at an amateur writer convention, he met Frank Belknap Long, who would end up being Lovecraft's most influential and closest confidant for the rest of his life. Descendants may be very far removed, both in place and in time (and, indeed, in culpability), from the act itself, and yet, they may be haunted by the revenant past, e.g. He was forced to let his family's hired servants go, leaving Lovecraft, Whipple, and Susie, being the only unmarried sister, alone in the family home. In this essay, he describes his shift away from the Protestantism of his parents to the atheism of his adulthood. [158] Speculative realists, Mark Fisher and other contemporary philosophers, took Lovecraft seriously, mainly because Lovecraft's weird fictional world, had nothing to do with the Gothic's insistence on the supernatural, but presented another undeniable but incomprehensible reality. Lovecraft, like his contemporaries, envisioned "savages" as closer to supernatural knowledge unknown to civilized man. Often his characters are subject to a compulsive influence from powerful malevolent or indifferent beings. He was known to give up trying to sell a story after it had been once rejected. The Library of America published a volume of Lovecraft's work in 2005, a reversal of the traditional judgment that there "has been nothing so far from the accepted canon as Lovecraft. He saw that Roosevelt was trying to steer a middle course between the conservatives and the revolutionaries, which he approved of. These stories also included fantastic elements that represented the perceived fragility of anthropocentrism. He lived frugally, subsisting on an inheritance that was nearly depleted by the time he died. [154], The editors of The Age of Lovecraft, Carl H. Sederholm and Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock, attributed the rise of mainstream popular and academic interest in Lovecraft to this volume, along with the Penguin Classics volumes and the Modern Library edition of At the Mountains of Madness. A phrase or line repeated at intervals within a poem, especially at the end of a stanza. Season 4, Episode 15: "Bob Has to Have His Tonsils Out, So He Spends Christmas Eve in the Hospital" (December 20, 1975) Season 5, Episode 13: "Making Up Is the Thing to Do" (December 25, 1976) Season 6, Episode 12: "'Twas the Pie Before Christmas" (December 24, 1977) Bob's Burgers [25] Lovecraft mentions a steady continuation of their financial decline highlighted by a failed business venture of his uncle that cost Susie a large portion of their dwindling wealth. Lovecraft did not coin the term "Cthulhu Mythos." "[162], In 2020, Lovecraft was awarded the 1945 Retro-Hugo Award for Best Series for the Cthulhu Mythos.[166]. [151], Los Angeles Review of Books reviewer Nick Mamatas stated that Lovecraft was a particularly difficult author, rather than a bad one. [90], As a result of the Great Depression, Lovecraft reexamined his political views. "[131] Lovecraft had developed his idea of Western decline independently, but Spengler gave it a clear framework. [180], Japan has also been significantly inspired and terrified by Lovecraft's creations and thus even entered the manga and anime media. There are five publishing houses that have released letters from Lovecraft, most prominently Arkham House with its five-volume edition Selected Letters (these volumes severely abridge the letters they contain). In response to this discovery, Lovecraft took to studying astronomy and described his observations in the local newspaper. READER; STUDENT; EDUCATOR Lovecraft himself guessed that they originated from classic Gothic novelists like Ann Radcliffe, Matthew Lewis, and Charles Maturin. [72] Later that year, the Kalem Club's four regular attendees were joined by Lovecraft along with his protégé Frank Belknap Long, bookseller George Willard Kirk, and Samuel Loveman. [114], Lovecraft also cited Algernon Blackwood as an influence, quoting The Centaur in the head paragraph of "The Call of Cthulhu". "[143] Horror, fantasy, and science fiction author Stephen King called Lovecraft "the twentieth century's greatest practitioner of the classic horror tale. "[142] In 1962, Colin Wilson, in his survey of anti-realist trends in fiction The Strength to Dream, cited Lovecraft as one of the pioneers of the "assault on rationality" and included him with M. R. James, H. G. Wells, Aldous Huxley, J. R. R. Tolkien and others as one of the builders of mythicised realities contending against the failing project of literary realism. Starting with areas that he thought were evocative, Lovecraft redefined and exaggerated them under fictional names. The exact circumstances and causes remain unknown. Later, they released the song Dream No More, which mentions the awakening of Cthulhu. Though he passed the physical exam,[51] he told Kleiner that his mother "has threatened to go to any lengths, legal or otherwise, if I do not reveal all the ills which unfit me for the army". [191], 1987 saw the release of one of the first Lovecraftian board games, Arkham Horror, which sold extremely well, and since 2004 is still in print from Fantasy Flight Games. A poem in which an imagined speaker addresses a silent listener, usually not the reader. Penguin Classics has at present issued three volumes of Lovecraft's works: The Call of Cthulhu and Other Weird Stories, The Thing on the Doorstep and Other Weird Stories, and most recently The Dreams in the Witch House and Other Weird Stories. For the rock group, see. A regular pattern of sound or rhythm may emerge in free-verse lines, but the poet does not adhere to a metrical plan in their composition. What with de Camp, Nyberg and Derleth avidly rooting out every scrap of their writings and expanding them into novels, there may never be an end to their posthumous careers. He did say, though, that while having some conflicts with teachers, he enjoyed high school, becoming close with a small circle of friends and performed well academically, excelling in particular at chemistry and physics. It was at around this time he wrote the outline for "The Call of Cthulhu", with its theme of the insignificance of all humanity. Lovecraft's essay Supernatural Horror in Literature, first published in 1927, is a historical survey of horror literature available with endnotes as The Annotated Supernatural Horror in Literature. [167] While his stories appeared in prominent pulp magazines such as Weird Tales (eliciting letters of outrage as often as praise from regular readers), not many people knew his name. In July 2013, the Providence City Council designated "H. P. Lovecraft Memorial Square" and installed a commemorative sign at the intersection of Angell and Prospect streets, near the author's former residences. [7] According to the accounts of family friends, Susie doted on the young Lovecraft to a fault, pampering him and never letting him out of her sight. [29] Lovecraft found his studies were hobbled by the mathematics involved, which he found boring and would cause headaches that would incapacitate him for a day. Barlow committed suicide in 1951. It is unclear what Susie may have been suffering from. [89] His personal justification for his viewpoints was primarily based on tradition and aesthetics. [26] For his part, Lovecraft said he found his mother to be "a positive marvel of consideration". Although Lovecraft is known mostly for his works of weird fiction, the bulk of his writing consists of voluminous letters about a variety of topics, from weird fiction and art criticism to politics and history. He also outlines the need for an oligarchy of intellectuals. His father's Anglophilia had also caused Lovecraft to have a deep affection for British culture and the British Empire.[123]. A term meaning “the art of poetry,” an ars poetica poem expresses that poet's aims for poetry and/or that poet's theories about poetry. Whipple, who traveled often on business, maintained correspondence by letter with the young Lovecraft who, by the age of three, was already proficient at reading and writing. Called Providence in 2000 A.D., the poem envisioned a future where American of English descent were displaced by immigrants: Irish, Italians, Portuguese, and Jews. I was also talking so loud about my new florist job, I kept the entire room awake all night. How To Read Poetry Like A Professor A Quippy And Sonorous Guide To Verse. The Derleth letters are called "delightful," while the Howard letters are described as being an ideological debate. Despite several claims to the contrary, there is currently no evidence that any company or individual owns the copyright to any of Lovecraft's work, and it is generally accepted that it has passed into the public domain. Houdini's unexpected death later that year halted the project, but The Cancer of Superstition was partially completed by Lovecraft along with collaborator C. M. Eddy Jr. A previously unknown manuscript of the work was discovered in 2016 in a collection owned by a magic shop. According to Lovecraft, his father had been constantly warned to avoid using Americanized words and phrases. [207], American horror story author and originator of the Cthulhu Mythos, This article is about the author. Specifically, he began to have recurring nightmares of beings he termed "night-gaunts"; their appearance he credited to the influence of Doré's illustrations, which would "whirl me through space at a sickening rate of speed, the while fretting & impelling me with their detestable tridents." Contemporary French writer Michel Houellebecq wrote a literary biography, H. P. Lovecraft: Against the World, Against Life. He sometimes dated his letters 200 years before the current date, which would have put the writing back in US colonial times, before the American Revolution (a war that offended his Anglophilia). I’m still trying to figure out what has happened and I start smelling gun powder and as if someone is making a BBQ and is being burnt. This realization led him to shed his personal ignorance of then-current political and economic developments after 1927. During the interwar period, he wrote and published stories that focused on his interpretation of humanity's place in the universe. "Herbert West–Reanimator" reflects on the atheism common in academic circles. The exact sources of Phillips' weird tales have not been identified. Novel to the game was the Lovecraft-inspired insanity mechanic, which allowed for player characters to go insane from contact with cosmic horrors. After Whipple's death, Susie was unable to support the upkeep of the expansive family home on what remained of the Phillips' estate. A dramatic character, distinguished from the poet, who is the speaker of a poem. In the English tradition, it usually follows a form of rhymed (ABCB) quatrains alternating four-stress and three-stress lines. Lovecraft even ignored interested publishers. [104], His interest started from his childhood days when his grandfather, who preferred Gothic stories, would tell him stories of his own design. This group wrote stories that frequently shared details among them. Lovecraft Community", "On Lovecraft's Themes: Touching the Glass", "The Lurker on the Threshold of Interpretation: Hoax, "Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States", "Cults of Lovecraft: The Impact of H.P. [128], The beings of Lovecraft's mythos often have human servants; Cthulhu, for instance, is worshipped under various names by cults among both the Greenlandic Inuit and voodoo circles of Louisiana, and in many other parts of the world. In 1896, he was introduced to Greco-Roman myths and became "a genuine pagan. Another recurring theme in Lovecraft's stories is the idea that descendants in a bloodline can never escape the stain of crimes committed by their forebears, at least if the crimes are atrocious enough. Harry Brobst, a psychology professor, examined the account and claimed that chorea minor was the most likely cause of Lovecraft's childhood symptoms while noting that instances of chorea minor after adolescence are very rare. I have insomnia and reading in bed makes it harder to get a good night’s sleep. The repetition of vowel sounds without repeating consonants; sometimes called vowel rhyme. More specifically, he thought that Hitler would preserve German culture. [189], Lovecraft has also influenced gaming, despite having hated games during his lifetime. )[70], Greene, moving to where the work was, relocated to Cincinnati, and then to Cleveland; her employment required constant travel. One of the main points of Lovecraft's socialism was its opposition to Soviet Marxism. Other publishers are Hippocampus Press (Letters to Alfred Galpin et al. In another letter concerning the events of 1908, he notes, "I was and am prey to intense headaches, insomnia, and general nervous weakness which prevents my continuous application to any thing. ... reading passages out loud to each other. Weird Tales may only have owned the rights to at most six of Lovecraft's tales. As a result of the Great Depression, he shifted towards socialism, decrying both his prior beliefs and the rising tide of fascism. Searches of the Library of Congress have failed to find any evidence that these copyrights were renewed after the 28-year period, making it likely that these works are now in the public domain. [22], Lovecraft himself acknowledged in letters that he suffered from bouts of chorea as a child. "[120], Dreams had a major role in Lovecraft's literary career. His readings of Friedrich Nietzsche and H. L. Mencken, among other pessimistic writers, furthered this development. In 1932, he wrote in a letter to Robert E. Howard: All I say is that I think it is damned unlikely that anything like a central cosmic will, a spirit world, or an eternal survival of personality exist. The main Spenglerian influence on Lovecraft would be his view that politics, economics, science, and art are all interdependent aspects of civilization. Whipple became a father figure to Lovecraft in this time, Lovecraft noting that his grandfather became the "centre of my entire universe." Howard Phillips Lovecraft (US: /ˈlʌvkræft/; August 20, 1890 – March 15, 1937) was an American writer of weird and horror fiction, who is known for his creation of what became the Cthulhu Mythos. [16] In the spring of 1904, Whipple's largest business venture suffered a catastrophic failure. "[162] In November 2015 it was announced that the World Fantasy Award trophy would no longer be modeled on H. P. Derleth's Cthulhu Mythos stories went on to associate different gods with the traditional four elements of fire, air, earth and water — an artificial constraint which required rationalizations on Derleth's part as Lovecraft himself never envisioned such a scheme. Instead, it was caused by the increase in socialism's political capital during the 1930s. [145], Early efforts to revise an established literary view of Lovecraft as an author of 'pulp' were resisted by some eminent critics; in 1945, Edmund Wilson sneered: "the only real horror in most of these fictions is the horror of bad taste and bad art." "[140], Lovecraft drew extensively from his native New England for settings in his fiction. I will always remember that smell which was something unsettling. "[144] King has made it clear in his semi-autobiographical non-fiction book Danse Macabre that Lovecraft was responsible for his own fascination with horror and the macabre and was the largest influence on his writing. [24] In another letter concerning the events of 1908, Lovecraft stated that he "could hardly bear to see or speak to anyone, & liked to shut out the world by pulling down dark shades & using artificial light. Praise the song and praise the singer. [49] In 1919, Lovecraft published another short story, "Beyond the Wall of Sleep". Though it is not clear who reported Winfield's prior behavior to the hospital, medical records indicate that he had been "doing and saying strange things at times" for a year before his commitment. These volumes led to a proliferation of other volumes containing Lovecraft's works. He remained hospitalized until he died. In "The Silver Key", the character Randolph Carter loses the ability to dream and seeks solace in religion, specifically Congregationalism, but does not find it and ultimately loses faith. Whether Lovecraft suffered from a physical ailment, a mental one, or some combination thereof has never been determined. [74], Not long after the marriage, Greene lost her business and her assets disappeared in a bank failure; she also became ill. Lovecraft made efforts to support his wife through regular jobs, but his lack of previous work experience meant he lacked proven marketable skills. Check out full episodes and video clips of most popular shows online. The period beginning after his return to Providence—the last decade of his life—was Lovecraft's most prolific; in that time he produced short stories, as well as his longest works of fiction: The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath, The Case of Charles Dexter Ward, and At the Mountains of Madness. For the first time I could imagine that my clumsy gropings after art were a little more than faint cries lost in the unlistening void. Stephen King,[144] Ramsey Campbell,[169] Alan Moore,[170] Junji Ito,[171] Thomas Ligotti,[172] Caitlín R. Kiernan,[173] William S. Burroughs,[174] and Neil Gaiman,[175] have cited Lovecraft as one of their primary influences. Admired for its lengthy pedigree—a line of poets extending back to a time before recorded history—and a ubiquitous presence in virtually all cultures, poetry is also revered for its great beauty and the powerful emotions it evokes. He was an ardent supporter of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Several themes recur in Lovecraft's stories: — H. P. Lovecraft, in note to the editor of Weird Tales, on resubmission of "The Call of Cthulhu"[124], Forbidden, dark, esoterically veiled knowledge is a central theme in many of Lovecraft's works. [206], Lovecraft protégés and part owners of Arkham House, August Derleth and Donald Wandrei, often claimed copyrights over Lovecraft's works. "[161], Several media outlets published articles discussing Lovecraft's legacy as a horror fiction writer, with many outlets in the 2010s discussing and criticizing Lovecraft's racism and homophobia. After a period of isolation, he began joining friends in trips to writer gatherings; the first being a talk in Boston presented by Lord Dunsany, whom Lovecraft had recently discovered and idolized. Difficult, or Why Cthulhu Threatens to Destroy the Canon, Self-Interested Literary Essayists, and the Universe Itself. [23] Brobst further ventured that Lovecraft's 1908 breakdown was attributed to a "hysteroid seizure," a term that today usually denotes atypical depression. August Derleth, an older and more established writer than Barlow, vied for control of the literary estate. Lovecraft's discovery of the stories of Lord Dunsany,[113] with their pantheon of mighty gods existing in dreamlike outer realms, moved his writing in a new direction, resulting in a series of imitative fantasies in a Dreamlands setting. The copyright for Lovecraft's works would have been inherited by the only surviving heir named in his 1912 will, his aunt Annie Gamwell. Praise the rain; it brings more rain. [9], While there is no indication that Lovecraft was particularly close to his grandmother Robie, her death in 1896 had a profound effect. 4.5 Stunning & Insomnia Inducing Stars! Details. He began producing the periodical Rhode Island Journal of Astronomy, of which 69 issues survive, using the hectograph printing method. "[148], Galaxy Science Fiction reviewer Floyd C. Gale said that "Lovecraft at his best could build a mood of horror unsurpassed; at his worst, he was laughable. This shift was not brought on by a change in his living standards. However, Lovecraft's difficulty made him ill-suited to the pulps; he was unable to compete with the popular recurring protagonists and damsel-in-distress stories. [citation needed] In other tales, an entire society is threatened by barbarism. Lovecraft's Monster Is Wrapping Family Game Night Up In Tentacles", "Synchronistic Worlds: Lovecraft and Borges", "Know Your Lore, Tinfoil Hat Edition: The genesis of Azeroth", "All About Alienation: Alan Moore On Lovecraft And Providence", "HP Lovecraft: The Man Who Haunted Horror Fans", "The White Ship: The Psychedelic Voyage of H.P. "The Rats in the Walls", "The Lurking Fear", "Facts Concerning the Late Arthur Jermyn and His Family", "The Alchemist", The Shadow over Innsmouth, "The Doom That Came to Sarnath" and The Case of Charles Dexter Ward. [103] Lovecraft's racial attitudes were common in the society of his day, especially in the New England in which he grew up. The Great War seemed to confirm his viewpoints. Ah, ah slaps the urgent cove of ocean swimming through the slips. This represented a shift from his previous support for cultural assimilation. After Chavchavadze met with him to discuss this, Wilson revealed that he had been reading a copy of Lovecraft's correspondence. [8] Lovecraft later recollected that after his father's illness his mother was "permanently stricken with grief." [205] When Gamwell died in 1941, the copyrights passed to her remaining descendants, Ethel Phillips Morrish and Edna Lewis, who then signed a document, sometimes referred to as the Morrish-Lewis gift, permitting Arkham House to republish Lovecraft's works while retaining the copyrights for themselves. Instead, many of them are directly influenced by dreams and dreamlike phenomena. The term "Cthulhu Mythos" was likely coined by Lovecraft's correspondent and protégé, August Derleth, after Lovecraft's death. [3] Susie's family was of substantial means at the time of their marriage, her father, Whipple Van Buren Phillips, being involved in business ventures. Lovecraft was not an active letter-writer in youth. The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket, Facts Concerning the Late Arthur Jermyn and His Family, H. P. Lovecraft: Against the World, Against Life, Learn how and when to remove this template message, The Call of Cthulhu and Other Weird Stories, The Thing on the Doorstep and Other Weird Stories, The Dreams in the Witch House and Other Weird Stories, "We are Providence: The H.P. [78], Sometimes, as with The Shadow over Innsmouth (which included a rousing chase that supplied action) he wrote a story that might have been commercially viable but did not try to sell it. [153] Several scholars, including S. T. Joshi and Alison Sperling, have said that this confirms H. P. Lovecraft's place in the western canon. [36], Lovecraft immersed himself in the world of amateur journalism for most of the following decade. The psychedelic rock band H. P. Lovecraft (who shortened their name to Lovecraft and then Love Craft in the 1970s) released the albums H. P. Lovecraft and H. P. Lovecraft II in 1967 and 1968 respectively; their songs included "The White Ship" and "At the Mountains of Madness", both titled after Lovecraft stories. [41], In mid-1915, Lovecraft was elected to the position of first vice-president of the UAPA. [76] The same address is given as the home of Dr. Willett in Lovecraft's The Case of Charles Dexter Ward. [136], Lovecraft's works are ruled by several distinct pantheons of deities (actually aliens worshiped as gods by humans) who are either indifferent or actively hostile to humanity. It was written by an unknown figure who identified themselves as "Simon." A comparison (see Metaphor) made with “as,” “like,” or “than.”. ), Night Shade Books (Mysteries of Time and Spirit: The Letters of H. P. Lovecraft and Donald Wandrei et al..), Necronomicon Press (Letters to Samuel Loveman and Vincent Starrett et al. [65] Despite Lovecraft's reaction, he continued to attend amateur journalist conventions. He also examined the anatomy books available to him in the family library, learning the specifics of human reproduction that had yet to be explained to him, and found that it "virtually killed my interest in the subject. [59] This period also proved to be the most prolific of Lovecraft's short-story career. [110] Both authors shared many biographical similarities as well, such as the loss of their fathers at young ages and an early interest in poetry. They collect the standard texts as edited by S. T. Joshi, most of which were available in the Arkham House editions, with the exception of the restored text of The Shadow Out of Time from The Dreams in the Witch House, which had been previously released by small-press publisher Hippocampus Press. Lovecraft's childhood home on Angell Street had a large library. Praise the roads on earth and water. In some stories this struggle is at an individual level; many of his protagonists are cultured, highly educated men who are gradually corrupted by some obscure and feared influence. Following Derleth's death in 1971, his attorney proclaimed that all of Lovecraft's literary material was part of the Derleth estate and that it would be "protected to the fullest extent possible. [203] Regardless of the legal disagreements surrounding Lovecraft's works, Lovecraft himself was extremely generous with his own works and encouraged others to borrow ideas from his stories and build on them, particularly with regard to his Cthulhu Mythos. [122], Lovecraft's use of British English owes much to his father's influence. [75], Back in Providence, Lovecraft lived in a "spacious brown Victorian wooden house" at 10 Barnes Street until 1933. The forces of good were supposed to have won, locking Cthulhu and others beneath the earth, the ocean, and elsewhere. [42] Two years later, he was elected president and appointed other board members that mostly shared his view on the supremacy of classical English over modern American English. Folk (or traditional) ballads are anonymous and recount tragic, comic, or heroic. This influence can be found in such works as his novella The Shadow over Innsmouth[107] where Lovecraft references Poe's story "The Imp of the Perverse" by name in Chapter 3, and in his poem "Nemesis", where the "... ghoul-guarded gateways of slumber"[108] suggest the "... ghoul-haunted woodland of Weir"[109] found in Poe's "Ulalume". Overall, Dirda believes that Lovecraft's letters are equal to, or better than, his fictional output.
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